It’s possible to buy a used bulldozer for much less, while a very large, heavy-duty dozer may cost several hundred thousand (or even millions) of dollars. There are a variety of bulldozers and they all have different purposes on the job site. Small dozers that Caterpillar makes include the D1, D2, and D3 dozers their medium bulldozers are the D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8 while the D9, D10, and D11 … There are two main types: crawler dozers and wheeled bulldozers. The operator's manual provided with the machine, and the mine's operating procedures, Bulldozer is the track type tractor. Winches are extremely useful cable or rope-type attachments that you can add to your dozer. Small dozers are effective in building fireline in light fuels on level to moderate terrain. U- blade is more effective on soft to medium density soil, and Now that we’ve covered the various types of bulldozers, let’s discuss the major brands and models you’ll encounter in your search for the perfect land-clearing machine. U- blade is suitable for pushing, hauling, and ditching. Depending on the needs of your project, you can use four main types of bulldozers, as described below. 12 Bulldozer Blade Types (Different Dozer Blade Types) 10 Best Bulldozer Alternatives (How To Choose) Hey, I'm Matt and I'm the founder of EDU Autos. Construction and demolition workers, farmers, miners and landscaping personnel all use dozers for a multitude of heavy-duty tasks. It involves four-wheel management by an all-wheel drive method and a water-pumping verbal handling structure. Draglines function using a Heavy Duty Rock Buckets - Mini Excavator. S-Blades (straight blades) – It is the most miniature blade dozer with no surface wings, and it is assigned to the module’s bottom rear corners. Cat backhoes deliver the power and precise handling you need Bulldozers have a blade attached up front for pushing materials like dirt, sand, rocks and other debris. With the right work tool attachments, you can turn your backhoe, dozer, skid steer or compact track loader into a multi-use piece of equipment. Bulldozer are large heavy plants that are a common site on construction sites. The three-wheel types had a single or dual Different blades have different uses, can handle different types of materials, and can handle a variety of load weights. A worn track shoe can be regrousered up to four times, greatly extending the life of the shoe. John Deere – With a range in power from 70 to 335 hp, the expansive selection of John Deere dozers for sale is among the world’s best. There are several different types of machines that can be used to accomplish this. More commonly, bulldozers do not have wheels but instead use what are called tracks. Find equipment specs and charts for the most popular types of heavy equipment, including Crawler Dozers.
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The biggest problem is the sticky compound rubber tires are hard to come by. I prefer rockcrawling to most other wheeling, and these tires were the big dogs for a long time. They look like a new version of the old Michelin Military tires, and I think they just get better and better as they are worn down. I like the Krawler because it was one of the first rock crawling-specific tires, I know the guy that designed it (Gary Enterline from Michelin), and they flat-out work great at rockcrawling. My favorite tire is the BFGoodrich Krawler or the Maxxis Trepador bias ply, but I prefer them both in the sticky competition compound. Not many may have noticed, but General Tire was in Moab this year at Easter Jeep Safari doing its homework.įred Williams - Editor, 4-Wheel & Off-Road Today it’s no secret General Tire will be releasing a bigger size tire, something racers have longed for. It made it clear it wanted that elusive Baja 1000 win and to dethrone BFGoodrich, who had a longtime hold on the overall winner. It got involved with some of the biggest racers in the sport. General Tire began sponsoring race series, throwing big events and making its presence known. The company couldn’t make enough General Grabbers to feed the demand. The shortcourse teams I worked with were on Generals same with the desert teams. People noticed! The next set of teams I began working with was right about the time General Tire began pouring a large amount of money into off road racing. They have gnarly aggressive tread patterns that are probably way overkill for the deserts of Baja, but they work! We even had paddles added to a set of rear tires once to give us an advantage at qualifying in Parker. My teams always ran their big Super Swamper desert versions and later the Maxxis Trepadors. Maxxis never really had a strong presence in desert racing. I have never really had the opportunity to actually “test” tires but working with race teams in the beginning I was always a fan of the Maxxis tires. The program shows viewers how to restore, modify, customize and paint classic and late-model 2- and 4-wheel drive pickups, sport trucks and SUVs.Shaun Ochsner - Staff Editor, Dirt Sports + Off Road Jeremy Bumpus and Lawrence “LT” Tolman, co-hosts of PowerNation TV’s Truck Tech show, will be building the one-of-a-kind HiJackers El Camino. The El Camino project brings both aspects of the HiJackers 50-year history together in one vehicle. However, they also became popular with the muscle car and street racing crowd in the late ‘60s and early ‘70s. Gabriel introduced HiJackers, the first air-adjustable shock absorbers, in 1967 as a solution to restore balance to vehicles carrying or hauling heavy loads. The truck will feature a 6-liter LS that rides on Gabriel’s HiJacker shocks. Gabriel and RTM’s Truck Tech shop are hosting this sweepstakes to give away a completely custom retro El Camino truck built by the Truck Tech guys, unavailable anywhere else. It was a natural fit to commemorate this year in a giveaway of an iconic vehicle that embodies a hardworking attitude combined with a wild streak of power and performance.” “The company celebrates two big milestones, 50 years for HiJackers and 110 years for Gabriel. “2017 is a big year for us to celebrate,” said Jonathon Gore, director of marketing at Gabriel. You can learn more about the reflex points on the foot by reading about Reflexology. This acupressure type of technique uses a rolling motion along the inside arch of the foot. Essential oils are applied to spinal contact points on the receiver’s feet, and energy is released through electrical impulses created by the contact between the fingertips of the practitioner and the reflex points of the receiver. Vita Flex is based on the complete network of reflex points that stimulate all the body systems. In the 1960’s this technique became popular before acupuncture was popular in Western Medicine. Stanley Burroughs perfected the technique by expanding on the information that originated in Tibet thousands of years ago. Vita Flex Technique means “vitality through the reflexes” It is a specialized form of hand and food massage that is effective in delivering the benefits of the essential oils throughout the body. It is an amazing tool to help restore balance in the body The massage technique is designed to enhance absorption of the essential. The massage technique feels very gentle and involves easy strokes, taps or rolling movements. The sensation of warmth, tingling, and relaxation becomes even more pronounced as the oils continue to be applied to the spine. Raindrop Technique is not a cure or a magic bullet. Raindrop Massage technique is applied to the spine. The intention we set for the session is for your highest potential of healing. You will receive this anointing while relaxing face down on the massage table. This is where the name Raindrop Technique came from. Description Need Help Raindrop Technique Essential Oil Kit contains a mini brochure that teaches you how to perform the Raindrop Technique® on others. The oils are dispensed one drop at a time from the height of 6 inches above the back of the client. The blended oils are *Valor and *Aroma Seiz How Does Raindrop Therapy Work? Essential oils are known to boost stamina, energy, helps you relax, and promote overall health, vitality and longevity. These oils make the body’s environment an unfavorable host for harmful viruses and bacteria that can hibernate in the body. It is immune enhancing, high in antioxidants and can elevate the mood. Raindrop Technique™ uses a sequence of 9 essential oils that support the body’s natural defenses. It integrates Vitaflex and massage, utilizing the power of essential oils to bring the body into structural and electrical balance. Gary Young working with a Lakota medicine man named Wallace Black Elk. Raindrop is another of our signature non-invasive techniques that is performed by applying YL Essential Oils in the form of raindrops with a gentle touch of. Raindrop techniquetm originated in the 1980’s from the research of Dr. During the years that it has been practiced, raindrop therapy has resolved numerous cases of scoliosis and kyphosis and eliminated the need for back surgery for thousands of people. Raindrop Technique can not only help relieve pain and restore immediate physical well-being, it can also set in motion healing processes that will last for weeks and even months.Raindrop Technique™ is a powerful, non-invasive tool for assisting the body in correcting defects in the curvature of the spine. Indeed, they can help improve every aspect of life, physically, mentally and emotionally, often relieving a variety of issues in one single treatment. In short, the benefits of The Raindrop Technique go well beyond the physical benefits of massage. It can facilitate the release of pent-up negative emotions Can help prevent the bacterial and viral causes of spinal misalignment, including scoliosis and kyphosis.ħ. Do you want the benefits of Raindrop Therapy or AromaTouch massage without the antidoting effects of the menthol essential oils Sue teaches her Essential. The 7 POWERFUL BENEFITS you will receive from the RAINDROP TECHNIQUE:Ĥ. The oils will continue to work in the body for a minimum of a week following the treatment. The Raindrop Technique also helps reduce spinal inflammation, creates an inhospitable environment for the viruses that hibernate along the spinal column, and helps to straighten any spinal curvatures. With essential oils applied via the Raindrop Technique, the body can be brought into balance and the energy centers can be cleared and re-aligned. This stimulates energy impulses and disperses the oils along the nervous system throughout the entire body. They are dropped like rain from a height of about 6 inches onto the spine and then lightly massaged in using various hand to body techniques. The Raindrop Technique uses a sequence of nine highly immune enhancing oils. The allocation method selected should be applied consistently and should be disclosed if material.Related to Existing Treasury Stock Transactions If multiple different repurchases and issuances have occurred and the excise tax has been recorded both in equity and the income statement, an entity should allocate the reduction of the excise tax liability between equity and the income statement upon issuing the stock using a reasonable allocation method. For example, if the excise tax was initially recognized as part of the cost basis of treasury stock, any reduction to the excise tax liability should be recognized through an adjustment to the treasury stock’s carrying value rather than in the income statement. Any reduction in the tax liability due to a subsequent stock issuance, or an event giving rise to an exception, that occurs within a tax year should be recorded in the period of such stock issuance or event giving rise to an exception.Īny reduction in the previously recognized excise tax liability due to issuances or events giving rise to exceptions should be recognized through the same line item affected by initially recognizing the excise tax liability. The repurchase of liability-classified corporate stock should be accounted for using the guidance on extinguishing a liability in ASC 405, Liabilities. Any costs associated with the extinguishment of a liability through a repurchase transaction would be a component of the gain or loss realized upon extinguishing the liability and recognized in the income statement.Įxcise tax should be recognized in the period incurred (that is, when the repurchase occurs). In other words, the excise tax would be considered in the cost of the repurchased stock recognized in equity. As such, the excise tax would be recorded as an incremental cost to repurchase the treasury shares, with an offsetting tax liability recognized.Īccounting for an excise tax incurred to repurchase corporate stock that is classified as temporary equity would follow the same guidance used to account for an excise tax incurred to repurchase corporate stock that is classified as permanent equity. This guidance can be applied by analogy to treasury stock transactions, as noted in AICPA Technical Questions and Answers 4110.09, which states that costs associated with the acquisition of treasury stock may be added to the cost of the treasury stock. GAAP requires entities to classify issued and outstanding corporate stock on the balance sheet in one of three ways:Īccording to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) Topic 5.A, which is codified in the guidance on other assets and deferred costs in ASC 340-10-S99-1, specific incremental costs directly attributable to a securities offering may be deferred and charged against the gross proceeds of the offering in equity. As a result, the balance-sheet classification of the corporate stock prior to it being repurchased governs the accounting for the excise tax. We believe that the excise tax should be included in the cost of the repurchase of the corporate stock transaction. GAAP does not include explicit guidance on accounting for taxes that are not considered taxes on income. Since the excise tax is not based on income, it is not within the scope of ASC 740, Income Taxes. The IRS and Treasury Department recently released Notice 2023-2 to provide initial guidance on implementing the new excise tax. Among other things, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 imposes a 1 percent excise tax on “net repurchases” (that is, certain purchases minus certain issuances) of corporate stock made within a tax year beginning after Dec. Remember, if you use any of these methods, Kodi will work only in jailbreak state.įor more such tutorials and updates, follow us on Facebook and Twitter. Just enter the following commands in MTerminal –įind $PWD/ -name *.so -exec ldid -S \ If you have Coolstar’s Cydia Stashing installed, you must change Kodi’s path. Step 2 Install the IPA file using Cydia Impactor as shown above. Doing this will bypass the 7-day signing limit. You need to install the following tweaks on your iPhone or iPad for this method to work –Īfter you’ve installed the above items, follow this procedure – You can directly install IPA file by downloading it from the link given above. Since we are using a debian package, sideloading and resigning every 7 days are not required. Step 4 If Kodi application is not present on your home screen, open MTerminal. Kodi 17.0 Razvan Serea 10:50 EST Hot 3 Kodi media center, formerly known as XBMC Media Center, is an award-winning free and open source cross-platform software media player. Variant Architecture Minimum Version Screen DPI 17.00 FebruPST armeabi-v7a Android 5.0+ nodpi 17.00 FebruPST x86 Android 5.0+ nodpi 17. Consult our handy FAQ to see which download is right for you. Step 1 Download Kodi 17 debian package from the link given above. Download This release comes in several variants (we currently have 3). How to Install Kodi 17 Deb file on iPhone/iPad with Jailbreak Method 1 Step 8 Select the appropriate profile with your Apple ID and open it. Step 7 Go to Settings > General > Profiles or Device Management. Step 6 Once the installation process is over, Kodi will be present on your home screen. Step 5 Enter your Apple ID credentials. Wait for Cydia Impactor to install this IPA file. If you are unfamiliar with the workings of Cydia Impactor, follow this tutorial. Step 4 Install this IPA file by dragging it into Cydia Impactor’s window. Step 3 Download Kodi 17.1 from the link given above and save it on the desktop. Step 1 Firstly, connect your iPhone/iPad to the computer with a USB cable. How to Install Kodi 17 IPA file on iPhone/iPad on iOS 10-10.3 without Jailbreak Download Kodi 17 Deb file (latest version).Download Kodi 17 IPA file (latest version).A computer running Windows, Mac or Linux.This method will work only if your device is in jailbreak mode. Jailbreak method – You will need Filza file manager to install the deb file.No Jailbreak method – You will need to use Cydia Impactor utility to install the IPA file.You can also use it to watch TV channels thanks to addons. Kodi is a free open-source media player that can play video (including streaming), music, podcasts, radio, etc. How to Install Kodi 17 Deb file on iPhone/iPad with Jailbreak.How to Install Kodi 17 IPA file on iPhone/iPad on iOS 10-10.3 without Jailbreak.In addition, it allows easy development of visualisations using a simple API. VisualisationsKODI's audio player supports many visualisations including ProjectM and Goom. It also has a built-in web server that allows it to be controlled remotely. Plug-ins and ExtensibilityKODI has a built-in Python interpreter that allows users and developers to write their own scripts and plugins that run inside KODI using it's own widgets and controls. To install Kodi 17.6 Krypton on a Mac, or update your existing Kodi installation, go to the Kodi downloads page and select the ‘Installer’ link below the Apple logo. The interface is completely customizable through user-created or downloadable skins. Fluid InterfaceKODI provides a user friendly interface that's intuitive, very flexible, and easy to use. KODI has a sophisticated library management system that allows you to organize all your media to give you quick and immediate access. Try it now! Media ManagementKODI supports viewing and playing a vast library of audio, video and image formats. The ultimate hub for all your media, KODI is easy to use, looks slick, and has a large helpful community. KODI is an award winning media center application for Linux, Mac OS X, Windows and XBox. Tyson Fury has spent time with Jarvis over the past few weeks, but it is unknown whether or not that contact will translate in the ring for the Brit. The first fight of British interest on the card sees Londoner Faze Jarvis take on arguably the most famous Tik Tok star on the card in Michael Le. Wyatt has been tipped to lose badly in this matchup by experts in the YouTube boxing scene. The YouTube star has posted some clips to social media, and appears to be a decent little fighter from the few clips he's shown, while Nate Wyatt hasn't be posting as much. Rapper DDG, Darryl Dwayne Granberry, is seemingly one of the quickest learners of boxing on this card. Hacker appears to be a limited fighter from the small bits of training footage available online, and we're told he changed trainer in the build-up to the bout.ĭeji, on the other hand, showed glimpses of talent in his fight with Paul back in 2012, bloodying the now 3-0 pro boxer before being stopped in the fifth round in what was his only amateur fight. Deji v Vinnie HackerĪnother former Jake Paul opponent takes to the ring on Saturday night when KSI's brother Deji takes on Tik Tok star and model Vinnie Hacker. Gib has stated his intentions to keep fighting, regardless of if he beats the American, while Holder appears to have some other irons in the fire with a burgeoning music career and a Tik Tok page with over 19million followers. YouTuber AnEsonGib, real name Ali Al-Fakhri, is looking for 'redemption in Miami' after his humiliating first round defeat to Jake Paul in his pro debut last year.īut he'll apparently face a formidable challenge in Tik Tok star Holder, who was also spotted training with Canelo and reportedly has been boxing for a number of years, despite not engaging in any amateur fights. Hall is a slight underdog, despite opening as the favourite over McBroom AnEsonGib v Tayler Holder The pair had to be separated by security when they met at a press conference last month, and there was also an altercation between the two in the crowd of the fight between Floyd Mayweather and Logan Paul. Neither man has boxed before, and the origin of their rivalry is unknown, but they have both been getting work in with some top fighters, with Hall spotted training with Canelo Alvarez and McBroom seen in the ring with Regis Prograis. Official figures won’t be in for a few weeks, but if Saturday night’s fight comes anywhere close to netting the one million $49.99 pay-per-view purchases that the Flody Maywheather and Logan Paul exhibition brought in, both McBroom and Hall stand to make an absurd amount of money-perhaps enough to make make you question if they’re really doing it for the love of the sport.Former NCAA basketball standout Austin McBroom will attempt to transfer his athletic talents to the boxing world when he takes on Tik Tok star Bryce Hall in the main event of this card. In the spectacle-filled weeks leading up to Saturday’s fight, McBroom and Hall both claimed to have signed $5 million contracts that also granted them 4% of pay-per-view sales. Look, if we’re measuring in dollars, everyone who participated in Saturday night’s fight is a winner. TikTok star Michael Le, who recently told Esquire that he wanted people to respect him outside of his dance skills, was unfortunately knocked out early on in Round 2 by the infamous YouTube gamer FaZe Jarvis. The only TikTok star to win his fight was 19-year-old Vinnie Hacker, who took down YouTube star Deji in an unexpected knockout. The OG creator platform won five out of seven fights. Plain rows of single crochet or double crochet will make a close, dense fabric that’s great for blankets. Here are some crochet stitches that are well-suited to baby blankets. Be sure to read your particular pattern or yarn label for more information. In most cases, you’ll need three or four skeins of yarn to make a baby blanket. The amount of yarn you need to crochet a baby blanket will vary based on the pattern and the yarn itself. How many skeins of yarn do you need to crochet a blanket? Choose light colors, so it’s easier to see your stitches.Īnd remember, crochet baby blankets made with thinner yarn will take longer to complete than baby blankets made with thicker, bulky-weight yarn. If you are a beginner, I recommend a soft worsted-weight yarn with a smooth texture. Wool of the Andes Superwash – Excellent stitch definition and heirloom durability.LB Collection® Superwash Merino Yarn – Soft, luxurious, and warm.Lion Brand Naptime – Super soft chenille yarn.Knit Picks Comfy – Soft, machine washable, and lightweight.Lion Brand Oh Baby Organic Cotton – Eco-friendly, and suitable for sensitive skin.Knit Picks Brava – Available in sport, worsted, and bulky weights.You can use all sorts of yarn to make crochet baby blankets, as long as it’s soft and washable! Here are some options: Easy-Care Acrylic Yarns Finish the baby blanket by cutting the yarn, pulling it through the last loop, and weaving in the ends.Continue crocheting rows of stitches until the blanket is as big as you like.Make the first row, following the pattern.Make a slip knot and the first foundation row of chain stitches.Gather supplies, including yarn and a crochet hook.Here are the basic steps to making a crochet baby blanket: This collection of crochet blankets has something for everyone, so I’m sure to find your new go-to pattern! How to Crochet a Baby BlanketĪ small blanket is the perfect beginner project to practice your new crochet skills. These patterns aren’t just for crochet newbies, though! Intermediate and experienced crocheters will love these patterns to make quick baby gifts and charity projects. Many of these blankets are made with simple combinations of basic crochet stitches. Each of these patterns has detailed instructions and plenty of photos to guide you through each step, from start to finish. I’ve collected my favorite free, easy crochet baby blanket patterns in the list below, all chosen with the beginner in mind. Snuggly crochet baby blankets are the perfect things to make for newborn babies or baby shower gifts. You’ll find a variety of adorable blanket patterns that you can crochet for baby boys and baby girls.Ī handmade baby blanket is a cherished family heirloom that is sure to be loved for a long time. A collection of the best free crochet baby blanket patterns to make for newborns and toddlers. What you can do is select the highest resolution right there. If you aren’t a frequent Facebook user, you might not know this but Facebook allows you to manually choose the resolution of the image before uploading. You’d have to experiment and see which formats work the best and are the least distorted after uploading. Some of the file formats are better to upload on Facebook while some aren’t. Use different file formatįacebook is versatile in the way that it supports a variety of file formats, including JPEG, PNG, BMP, GIF, etc. This means that there are fewer chances of it getting compressed or distorted. So, if you can do it manually by resizing them, it is already going to take up less space on Facebook’s servers. The reason compression occurs is because Facebook is trying to reduce the file size. This might sound counterintuitive but it works. Resize the imagesīefore you upload your images on Facebook, resize them. We have sorted out a few for you to look through: 1. However, there are some ways you can reduce the aftermath to an extent. So, is there any way to work around the compression issue on Facebook?įair warning, there is no way to entirely prevent Facebook from compressing your images. Nobody wants to stay stuck with poor quality on Facebook. The next question that comes up in the equation is, “How do you fix the issue?” Ways to Prevent Facebook from Compressing Your Images For example, when it is compressed, some of the data is lost, which can make it difficult for the users to edit the sizing or the brightness later. The second issue that happens when a photo is compressed on Facebook is that it affects the ability to edit the images.The degree of compression varies from one image to the other and depends on the file format. When a photo is compressed, some of the data is removed, which leads to a loss in the detail and color, and even the resolution of the image. The most probable issue with image compression is the reduction in the quality of the image.So, now that you know why Facebook decompresses the images, let us understand some of the downsides to compression: This, in turn, makes the whole user experience seamless and more enjoyable for the user. Overall, it reduces the loading time for each image and video. Compressing the images on their platform thus allows Facebook to keep their users happy. Larger files take longer to load, which can be quite frustrating for the other users, affecting their user experience on the platform. Reduce processing timeĪnother reason why Facebook compresses the quality of the images that you upload is to ensure that the images load faster when someone opens their Facebook app. What this does is reduce the platform’s overall storage costs. Compressing the photos is one way Facebook ensures that the platform can store all of these files efficiently.īy compressing the images and other media uploads, Facebook can reduce the amount of space it needs to store these files, thereby keeping its servers working efficiently. With so many users uploading images and other content, Facebook needs to do everything in its capacity to ensure its servers are working efficiently. And, among those billion users, several of them are regularly uploading images, videos, and audio files to their respective accounts. Save space on its serversįor those who aren’t aware, Facebook has 2.8 billion active monthly users. With that said, the following are some of the reasons why Facebook compresses the photos that you upload: 1. Not just images, compression can happen with videos, and audio files as well. Now, if we had to explain in simpler terms, compression happens by removing certain parts of the data that are indispensable to the file’s content. Compression is the process of reducing the size of a file while maintaining its overall quality. Conclusion Reasons Why Facebook Compress the Imagesīefore we discuss the potential reasons, let us first understand what compression is.Ways to Prevent Facebook from Compressing Your Images.Reasons Why Facebook Compress the Images. A capture card acts like an input data receiver. It helps users to capture their gaming consoles like PlayStation or Xbox etc. you now can save a thrilling game from your PlayStation for later review or uploading to your social media platforms.Ĭapture cards actually provides services for capturing video signals from external devices via HDMI connection. With a Capture Card and other accessories like HDMI cable, it’s possible to stream and capture and share the entire game. It helps game lovers capture and save their favorite games. Apart from that it's also a handy video editor tool, with which you will be able to do basic editing, add annotations/text/callouts and more.Ī capture card is an input device used to convert gameplay signals to digital data that can be uploaded to the internet. Some of its main features include recording high paced games at up to 120 fps, recording screen and webcam simultaneously. If you want to record high paced online gameplays, consider DemoCreator which is a powerful but easy-to-use screen recorder & video editor. Recording gameplay videos without capture cards: DemoCreator Video Recorder What Are the Differences Between Capture Cards and Game Recording Software.How to Set Up Capture Card for Recording?. Hopefully, you will learn the advantages and disadvantages of each capture card and be able to choose the most suitable one for yourself. Here it’s an article to introduce the ten most used capture cards. However, as so many capture cards are on the market, users may find it difficult to choose one among them. After recording, these recording videos will be saved and can be later uploaded on the internet. These capture cards support recording high-quality live streaming and if you want to transform DVDs into HD format. If you want to capture high definition or standard data from PS4, Xbox one or Wii like devices then you definitely need a Capture Card.Ĭapture Card is widely used by game lovers who use it for recording various gaming videos. These standards could be optimized and set by government organizations, such as the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In addition, since the Ct value is a non-standardized value and depends on the diagnostic reagent used, it may be necessary to standardize the Ct value according to the product for the same virus concentration. One way to judge ambiguous rRT-PCR results may be through detailed standard operating procedures performed by a centralized decision-making body consisting of specialists authorized by the government. Therefore, to overcome these limitations of the rRT-PCR method, the following strategies can be adopted. Furthermore, because the Ct value is inversely proportional to the amount of the target gene, there is also the disadvantage of a sample being interpreted as false negative in the early stages of COVID-19 infection without large amounts of virus multiplication, or depending on the accuracy of the swab. Therefore, when there is ambiguity in the Ct value, such as 34~36, the result may be interpreted as false negative or false positive depending on the Ct cut-off value. Although the Ct value in a rRT-PCR test is relatively accurate, error of 1~2 cycles are not uncommon in a Ct value depending on various factors, including the skill of the examiner. For example, although there are differences according to diagnostic reagents, a sample is usually judged positive for COVID-19 based on a Ct value of 35. However, the problem with a Ct-based diagnosis is that there is no absolute or constant Ct cut-off value, and Ct cut-off values are different for each diagnostic reagent even for the same gene. 5 In other words, the lower the Ct value of a specific gene, the more the gene exists in the sample. Ct is defined as the cycle number when the sample fluorescence exceeds a chosen threshold above the calculated background fluorescence. Secondly, the diagnosis of COVID-19 using rRT-PCR methods is not clearly classified as positive or negative, instead the diagnosis is made based on the threshold cycle (Ct) value. To overcome this drawback, it may be helpful to simultaneously use two or more rRT-PCR diagnostic kits that detect different viral genes. However, given that mutations occur frequently in SARS-CoV-2, the possibility of false negatives in the diagnosis of COVID-19 may be a disadvantage of rRT-PCR -based methods. However, interpreting the results may be challenging and requires attention.įirstly, because rRT-PCR methods usually detect only 2–3 of these genes, it has the advantage of rapid diagnosis. Since rRT-PCR-based assays usually detect only 2–3 of these genes, the assay allows for rapid testing and diagnosis. 4 Examples of RT-PCR diagnostic kits based on the aforementioned genes that are currently used in South Korea and the United States are listed in Supplementary 1 (Supplemental Digital Content 1, ). These countries have published their molecular diagnostic protocols and the primer/probe sequences on the World Health Organization website. Examples of a few countries and the target genes assayed are as follows: China (ORF1 ab, N), Germany (RdRP, E, N), Hong Kong (OLRF1b-nsp14, N), Japan (Pancoronavirus and multiple targets, S), Thailand (N), the United States (three targets in N), and France (two targets in RdRP). Most countries currently use rRT-PCR-based assays for the detection of COVID-19 infection. 3 Among them, the genes for the N and E proteins are used as the targets for amplification in the rRT-PCR assay combined with the open reading frame 1 (ORF1) ab, and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene. The spike surface glycoprotein (S) mediates specific binding to the host cell receptors, the nucleocapsid (N) protein binds to the coronavirus RNA genome to make the nucleocapsid, the membrane (M) protein is the main structural protein that connects between the membrane and the capsid, and the small envelope (E) protein which is involved in the assembly and budding process of the coronavirus. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes four structural proteins. To understand the principle of the assay and the choice of primer sets used, some basic knowledge of COVID-19 biology is necessary. Currently, rRT-PCR is the most widely used diagnostic method for COVID-19. |
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